通用(yong)變頻(pin)器(qi)矢(shi)量控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的基本(ben)原(yuan)理是通過(guo)測量和控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)異步電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)定(ding)子電(dian)(dian)流矢(shi)量，根據磁(ci)場定(ding)向原(yuan)理分別對異步電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的勵磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)流和轉(zhuan)矩電(dian)(dian)流進行控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，從而(er)達到控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)異步電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)轉(zhuan)矩的目(mu)的。

　　具體是將異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機的(de)定(ding)(ding)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)矢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)解為產生磁(ci)場的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)分(fen)量(liang)(liang) (勵(li)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)) 和(he)產生轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)分(fen)量(liang)(liang) (轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)) 分(fen)別加(jia)以(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，并同時控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兩分(fen)量(liang)(liang)間的(de)幅值和(he)相位，即控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)矢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)，所(suo)以(yi)稱這種控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)稱為矢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)。矢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)又有基(ji)于轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)差(cha)頻(pin)率控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)矢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)、無速度傳(chuan)感(gan)器矢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)和(he)有速度傳(chuan)感(gan)器的(de)矢(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)等。

　　基于轉差(cha)頻(pin)率控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的矢(shi)量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方式同(tong)樣是在進行U / f =恒定控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的基礎上，通(tong)過檢測異步(bu)電(dian)動機的實(shi)際速度n，并得(de)到對應的控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)頻(pin)率f，然(ran)后根據希望得(de)到的轉矩(ju)，分別(bie)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)定子電(dian)流矢(shi)量(liang)及兩個分量(liang)間的相位(wei)，對通(tong)用變頻(pin)器的輸出頻(pin)率f進行控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的。

　　基于(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)差頻率控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)矢量(liang)控(kong)制方式的(de)(de)(de) 大特(te)點是(shi)，可以 動態過程中轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩電流的(de)(de)(de)波動，從而提高了通用(yong)(yong)變(bian)(bian)頻器的(de)(de)(de)動態性能(neng)。早期的(de)(de)(de)矢量(liang)控(kong)制通用(yong)(yong)變(bian)(bian)頻器基本上都是(shi)采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)基于(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)差頻率控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)矢量(liang)控(kong)制方式。

　　無速(su)度傳感(gan)器(qi)的(de)矢量(liang)控制方式(shi)是基于磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)定(ding)向控制理論發(fa)(fa)展而(er)來的(de)。實現(xian) 的(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)定(ding)向矢量(liang)控制需(xu)要在(zai)異步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)內安裝(zhuang)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)檢(jian)測(ce)裝(zhuang)置，要在(zai)異步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)內安裝(zhuang)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)檢(jian)測(ce)裝(zhuang)置是很(hen)困難的(de)，但人們發(fa)(fa)現(xian)，即使不在(zai)異步(bu)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)中(zhong)直接安裝(zhuang)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)檢(jian)測(ce)裝(zhuang)置，也可以在(zai)通(tong)用變頻器(qi)內部得(de)到與(yu)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)通(tong)相應的(de)量(liang)，并由(you)此(ci)得(de)到了所(suo)謂的(de)無速(su)度傳感(gan)器(qi)的(de)矢量(liang)控制方式(shi)。

　　它的(de)(de)基本控制(zhi)(zhi)思想(xiang)是根據(ju)輸入的(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)銘牌參數，按照 的(de)(de)關系(xi)式分(fen)別(bie)對作為基本控制(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)(de)勵磁電(dian)流(或(huo)者磁通(tong))和(he)轉(zhuan)矩電(dian)流進行檢測(ce)，并(bing)(bing)通(tong)過控制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)定子(zi)繞(rao)組上的(de)(de)電(dian)壓的(de)(de)頻率使勵磁電(dian)流(或(huo)者磁通(tong))和(he)轉(zhuan)矩電(dian)流的(de)(de)指令值和(he)檢測(ce)值達(da)到一致，并(bing)(bing)輸出轉(zhuan)矩，從而實現矢量控制(zhi)(zhi)。

　　采用(yong)(yong)矢量(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方式的通用(yong)(yong)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器不(bu)僅(jin)可在(zai)調速(su)范(fan)圍上與直流電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機相匹配，而(er)且可以(yi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機產生(sheng)的轉(zhuan)矩(ju)。由于矢量(liang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方式所依據的是準確的被控(kong)(kong)(kong)異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機的參(can)數，有(you)(you)的通用(yong)(yong)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器在(zai)使用(yong)(yong)時需要準確地(di)輸入異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機的參(can)數，有(you)(you)的通用(yong)(yong)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器需要使用(yong)(yong)速(su)度傳感器和編碼器，并需使用(yong)(yong)廠(chang)商指定的變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器 電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機進行控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，否則(ze)難以(yi)達(da)到理(li)想的控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)效果。

　　目前新型矢量(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)通(tong)用(yong)變(bian)頻(pin)器中已經具(ju)備異(yi)步電動機參數自(zi)動辨(bian)識、自(zi)適應功(gong)能，帶有(you)這種功(gong)能的通(tong)用(yong)變(bian)頻(pin)器在(zai)驅動異(yi)步電動機進行正(zheng)常運(yun)轉之前可(ke)以自(zi)動地對(dui)異(yi)步電動機的參數進行辨(bian)識，并根據辨(bian)識結果調整控制(zhi)算法中的有(you)關參數，從而對(dui)普通(tong)的異(yi)步電動機進行 的矢量(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)。

　　除了上(shang)述的(de)(de)無傳感器矢量控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)矢量控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)，可提高異步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)性能的(de)(de)技術外(wai)，目前(qian)的(de)(de)新技術還包括異步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)常數的(de)(de)調(diao)節及與(yu)機(ji)(ji)械系統(tong)匹(pi)配的(de)(de)適應性控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)，以提高異步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)應用性能的(de)(de)技術。

　　為了避(bi)免異步電(dian)動(dong)機轉速偏差以及(ji)在低速區域(yu)獲得(de)較理想的平(ping)滑轉速，應用大(da)規模(mo)集成電(dian)路(lu)并采(cai)用 數字式(shi)自動(dong)電(dian)壓調整(zheng)(AVR)控制技術的控制方式(shi)，已實用化(hua)并取(qu)得(de)良好的效果。